Asset Allocation | Wells Fargo Investment Institute

Key takeaways

The key considerations for developing an appropriate asset allocation¹ include diversifying among a mixture of asset classes based on financial goals, time horizon, and willingness to withstand market fluctuations.
A well-defined strategy can help investors avoid making emotionally driven financial decisions. Some common behavioral biases we acknowledge include chasing past winners and losers as well as recency bias (that is, trading based on recent trends).

¹ Asset allocation and diversification do not guarantee investment returns or eliminate risk of loss. They are investment methods that help to manage risk and volatility within a portfolio. There is no guarantee any asset class will perform in a similar manner in the future.

Key principles of asset allocation

woman looking into monitor with financial data

We believe an essential ingredient in asset allocation is diversification, or including a mixture of asset classes that may not behave in the same manner in different market environments. The key inputs to developing a strategic asset allocation mix are expected return, risk, and correlation.² Time horizon also matters, and an investor's emotions may play a role in making financial decisions as well. We focus on three specific time horizons for making asset allocation decisions: strategic (long term), cyclical (3 to 5 years), and tactical (6 to 18 months). Market timing, however, is not a component of our asset allocation strategy, as a few days of impressive upside returns or significant selloffs can determine a positive or negative return for any given year. Instead, tactical adjustments to a strategic allocation allow us to take advantage of short-term market opportunities that may arise from time to time.

Select the appropriate asset allocation

Together with their advisors, we suggest that investors select a portfolio allocation that is consistent with their financial goals, time horizon, and ability and willingness to withstand market fluctuations. Wells Fargo Investment Institute's (WFII) strategic asset allocation recommendations (see chart below) are constructed using the WFII capital market assumptions (CMAs) and reflect long-term trends. An investor with a short time horizon may opt for a more conservative asset allocation, while an investor with a long time horizon may potentially be able to tolerate more market volatility.

Chart 1: Different objectives result in different risk and return characteristics

This conceptual efficient frontier depicts that increasing the amount of equity and real assets in a diversified allocation increases both the expected risk and the expected return that allocation may experience. Conservative Income: 2% Taxable cash alternatives, 66% Global fixed income, 8% Global equities, 7% Global real assets, 17% Alternative Investments. Moderate Income: 2% Taxable cash alternatives, 52% Global fixed income, 20% Global equities, 8% Global real assets, 18% Alternative Investments. Aggressive Income: 2% Taxable cash alternatives, 42% Global fixed income, 25% Global equities, 9% Global real assets, 22% Alternative Investments. Conservative Growth and Income: 2% Taxable cash alternatives, 36% Global fixed income, 32% Global equities, 9% Global real assets, 21% Alternative Investments. Moderate Growth and Income: 2% Taxable cash alternatives, 27% Global fixed income, 38% Global equities, 10% Global real assets, 23% Alternative Investments. Aggressive Growth and Income: 2% Taxable cash alternatives, 21% Global fixed income, 46% Global equities, 10% Global real assets, 21% Alternative Investments. Conservative Growth: 1% Taxable cash alternatives, 10% Global fixed income, 56% Global equities, 10% Global real assets, 23% Alternative Investments. Moderate Growth: 1% Taxable cash alternatives, 4% Global fixed income, 66% Global equities, 10% Global real assets, 19% Alternative Investments. Aggressive Growth: 1% Taxable cash alternatives, 74% Global equities, 7% Global real assets, 18% Alternative Investments.

Source: Wells Fargo Investment Institute, as of July 16, 2025. Chart is conceptual and does not reflect any actual returns or represent any specific asset classifications. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

² Correlation measures how two asset classes or investments move in relation to each other. A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those asset classes increase or decrease together; a negative correlation indicates the extent to which one asset class increases as the other decreases.

Market timing presents a challenge for investors

overhead view of large courtyard with people walking randomly

In theory, market timing — moving all or a very large portion of an investment portfolio into or out of specific asset classes based on short-term performance expectations — may be a way to potentially achieve market gains and mitigate losses. However, this strategy presents a nearly insurmountable challenge for investors. To effectively time the market, an investor must be right twice, correctly predicting when to move out of and then when to move back into an asset class. Based on our research, over the 30-year period from 1996 to 2025, missing even a handful of the days when the stock market experienced its best gains (based on S&P 500 Index returns) can dramatically reduce returns (see chart below). Moreover, these best days have historically come in the wake of the market’s worst days — and often during a bear market — making it even more difficult to time.

Chart 2: Missing the best days in the market (1996 to 2025) can reduce returns

This bar chart shows the annualized return of the S&P 500 Index over the past 30 years and the impact of missing the 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 best days. Remaining invested all days returned 8.36%, missing the 10 best days returned 5.46%, missing the 20 best days returned 3.56%, missing the 30 best days returned 1.97%, missing the 40 best days returned 0.56%, and missing the 50 best days returned -0.74%.

Sources: Bloomberg and Wells Fargo Investment Institute. Data from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2025. For illustrative purposes only. The fact that buy and hold has been a successful strategy in the past does not guarantee that it will continue to be successful in the future. The performance shown is not indicative of any particular investment. An index is unmanaged and not available for direct investment. A price index is not a total return index and does not include the reinvestment of dividends. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. See end of report for risks and index definitions. Best days are defined as the days with the highest single daily returns for the S&P 500 Index.

What investors may be able to do over shorter time periods is to assess market conditions relative to our longer-term assumptions. In an effort to potentially take advantage of intracycle conditions, we offer guidance at shorter time periods to reflect our nearer-term market expectations. Cyclical allocations (3- to 5-year market outlook) are based on where we believe we are in the market cycle, while tactical allocations (6- to 18-month market outlook) strive to identify near-term differentials from our long-term outlook.

Impact of emotional decision-making on achieving financial goals

woman near reflecting pool looking into digital tablet

Behavioral finance considers the role that psychology and emotions play in investment decision making. It recognizes that individuals are not always rational when making financial decisions and that all investors are not equally informed. Some common behavioral biases that are related to asset allocation strategy include:

Chasing winners and losers: Chasing the previous year’s top-performing or worst-performing asset class is a strategy that some investors have tended to follow. We have found that, historically, following the best-performing asset class (hot-hand fallacy) or worst-performing investment (gambler’s fallacy) has not outperformed the return of the more broadly diversified Moderate Growth and Income allocation since 2001.

Recency bias: Investors tend to use recent experience as a baseline for risk and return expectations. As the equity bull market progresses, some investors may forget about the times when it declined. Recent memory could suggest that the equity market is poised to continue climbing higher. Consequently, research has shown investors with such a mindset continue to purchase assets at high prices; then, unexpectedly, equity markets sell off. Investors experience a similar situation in down-trending markets — assuming the market should continue to decline when it may be reaching the nadir. Instead of considering a long-term view with market fluctuations, investors may behave as though current trends will not change. Research suggests recency bias tends to be exacerbated during large market swings, up or down. In our view, investors should consider rallies and downturns as potential outcomes and plan accordingly.

Chart 3: Chasing past asset class winners and losers have not been successful investment strategies

This line chart shows the potential cost of common behavioral biases, such as chasing past winners or losers, compared to the diversified Moderate Growth and Income allocation. Looking at 2001 to 2025, the diversified allocation outperformed an allocation comprised of the previous years’ top performers (chasing winners) and an allocation comprised of the previous years’ worst performers (chasing losers) over the entire time frame.

Sources: © Morningstar Direct, All Rights Reserved,* and Wells Fargo Investment Institute. Data from December 31, 2001, to December 31, 2025. Indexed to 100 as of December 31, 2001. The top-performer blend allocates 100% in the current year to the top performing asset class of the previous year. The bottom-performer blend allocates 100% in the current year to the bottom performing asset class of the previous year. Performance results for Moderate Growth and Income Liquid and the top and bottom performer blends are calculated using blended index returns. Moderate Growth & Income allocation is dynamic, and changes as needed with adjustments to the strategic allocations. Index return information is provided for illustrative purposes only. Index returns do not represent investment performance or the results of actual trading. Index returns represent general market results, assume the reinvestment of dividends and other distributions and do not reflect deduction for fees, expenses or taxes applicable to an actual investment. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. See end of report for blended index compositions, risks and index definitions.

*All Rights Reserved. The information contained herein: (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its content providers; (2) may not be copied or distributed; and (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information.

Staying the course

Article written by:

Tracie McMillion, CFA,

Head of Global Asset Allocation Strategy

Michelle Wan, CFA,

Global Investment Strategist

Veronica Willis,

Global Investment Strategist

Definitions

Moderate Growth and Income: 2% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bills (1–3 Month) Index, 60% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index, 4% Bloomberg U.S. Corporate High Yield Bond Index, 5% J.P. Morgan EMBI Global, 18% S&P 500 Index, 5% Russell Midcap Index, 4% MSCI EAFE Index, 2% Bloomberg Commodity Index.

Top-performer blend: 2002: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (1–3 year); 2003: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2004: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2005: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2006: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2007: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2008: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2009: 100% J.P. Morgan GBI Global ex-U.S.; 2010: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2011: 100% Russell 2000 Index; 2012: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (10+year); 2013: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2014: 100% Russell 2000 Index; 2015: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (10+ year); 2016: 100% S&P 500 Index; 2017: 100% Russell 2000 Index; 2018: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2019: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2020: 100% S&P 500 Index; 2021: 100% Russell 2000 Index; 2022: 100% S&P 500 Index; 2023: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index, 2024: 100% S&P 500 Index; and 2025: 100% S&P 500 Index .

Bottom-performer blend: 2002: 100% MSCI EAFE Index; 2003: 100% S&P 500 Index; 2004: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2005: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2006: 100% J.P. Morgan GBI Global ex-U.S.; 2007: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2008: 100% Russell 2000 Index; 2009: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2010: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (10+ year); 2011: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2012: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2013: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2014: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2015: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2016: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2017: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2018: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2019: 100% MSCI Emerging Markets Index; 2020: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index; 2021: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; 2022: 100% J.P. Morgan GBI Global ex-U.S.; 2023: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index (10+ year); 2024: 100% Bloomberg Commodity Index; and 2025: 100% Bloomberg U.S. Treasury Bill 1–3 Month Index.

Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index is composed of the Bloomberg U.S. Government/Credit Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Mortgage-Backed Securities Index and includes Treasury issues, agency issues, corporate bond issues, and mortgage-backed securities.

Bloomberg U.S. Corporate High Yield Bond Index covers the U.S.-dollar-denominated, non-investment-grade, fixed-rate, taxable corporate bond market. Securities are classified as high yield if the middle rating of Moody’s, Fitch, and S&P is Ba1/BB+/BB= or below. Included issues must have at least one year until final maturity.

Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate 1–3 Year Bond Index is unmanaged and is composed of the Bloomberg U.S. Government/Credit Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Mortgage-Backed Securities Index and includes Treasury issues, agency issues, corporate bond issues, and mortgage-backed securities with maturities of one to three years.

Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate 10+ Year Bond Index is unmanaged and is composed of the Bloomberg U.S. Government/Credit Index and the Bloomberg U.S. Mortgage-Backed Securities Index and includes Treasury issues, agency issues, corporate bond issues, and mortgage-backed securities with maturities of 10 years or more.

Bloomberg 1–3 Month U.S. Treasury Bill Index includes all publicly issued zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bills that have a remaining maturity of less than 3 months and more than 1 month, are rated investment grade, and have $250 million or more of outstanding face value. In addition, the securities must be denominated in U.S. dollars and must be fixed rate and non-convertible.

Bloomberg Commodity Index is a broadly diversified index of commodity futures on 20 physical commodities, subdivided into energy, U.S. agriculture, livestock, precious metals, and industrial metals sectors. Commodity weights are derived in a manner that attempts to fairly represent the importance of a diversified group of commodities to the world economy.

J.P. Morgan Government Bond Index (GBI) Global ex-U.S. Index is a total return, market-capitalization-weighted index, rebalanced monthly, consisting of the following countries: Australia, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Italy, Sweden, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, and France.

J.P. Morgan Emerging Markets Bond Index (EMBI) Global is a U.S.-dollar-denominated, investible, market-capitalization-weighted index representing a broad universe of emerging market sovereign and quasi-sovereign debt. While products in the asset class have become more diverse, focusing on both local currency and corporate issuance, there is currently no widely accepted aggregate index reflecting the broader opportunity set available, although the asset class is evolving. By using the same index provider as the one used in the developed market bonds asset class, there is consistent categorization of countries among developed international bonds (ex. U.S.) and emerging market bonds.

MSCI EAFE Index (Europe, Australasia, Far East) Index is a free-float-adjusted market-capitalization-weighted index designed to measure the equity market performance of developed markets, excluding the U.S. and Canada.

MSCI Emerging Markets Index is a free-float-adjusted market-capitalization-weighted index designed to measure equity market performance of emerging markets. Note: MSCI makes no express or implied warranties or representations and shall have no liability whatsoever with respect to any MSCI data contained herein. The MSCI data may not be further redistributed or used as a basis for other indexes or any securities or financial products. This report is not approved, reviewed, or produced by MSCI.

Russell 2000® Index measures the performance of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000® Index, which represents approximately 8% of the total market capitalization of the Russell 3000 Index.

Russell Midcap® Index measures the performance of the 800 smallest companies in the Russell 1000® Index, which represent approximately 25% of the total market capitalization of the Russell 1000 Index.

S&P 500 Index consists of 500 stocks chosen for market size, liquidity, and industry group representation. It is a market-value-weighted index with each stock’s weight in the index proportionate to its market value.

Asset-class risk disclosures

Risk considerations

Diversification does not guarantee profit or protect against loss.

All investing involve risks, including the possible loss of principal. There can be no assurance that any investment strategy will be successful. Investments fluctuate with changes in market and economic conditions and in different environments due to numerous factors, some of which may be unpredictable. Each asset class has its own risk and return characteristics, which should be evaluated carefully before making any investment decision. The level of risk associated with a particular investment or asset class generally correlates with the level of return the investment or asset class might achieve. The risks associated with the representative asset classes discussed in this report include:

Commodities: The commodities markets are considered speculative, carry substantial risks, and have experienced periods of extreme volatility. Commodities may be affected by changes in overall market movements, commodity index volatility, changes in interest rates, or other factors affecting a particular industry or commodity.

Equity securities: Stocks are subject to market risk, which means their value may fluctuate in response to general economic and market conditions, the prospects of individual companies, and industry sectors. The prices of small/mid-company stocks are generally more volatile than large-company stocks. They often involve higher risks because smaller and midsize companies may lack the management expertise, financial resources, product diversification, and competitive strengths to endure adverse economic conditions.

Fixed income: Investments in fixed-income securities are subject to interest rate, credit/default, liquidity, inflation, and other risks. Bond prices fluctuate inversely to changes in interest rates. Therefore, a general rise in interest rates can result in a decline in the bond’s price. Credit risk is the risk that an issuer will default on payments of interest and/or principal. This risk is heightened in lower-rated bonds. If sold prior to maturity, fixed-income securities are subject to market risk. All fixed-income investments may be worth less than their original cost upon redemption or maturity. High-yield fixed-income securities are considered speculative, involve greater risk of default, and tend to be more volatile than investment-grade fixed-income securities. U.S. government securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the federal government as to payment of principal and interest if held to maturity. Although free from credit risk, they are subject to interest rate risk.

Foreign/emerging/frontier markets: Investing in foreign securities presents certain risks not associated with domestic investments, such as currency fluctuation, political and economic instability, and different accounting standards. This may result in greater share price volatility. These risks are heightened in emerging and frontier markets.

General Disclosures

Global Investment Strategy (GIS) is a division of Wells Fargo Investment Institute, Inc. (WFII). WFII is a registered investment adviser and wholly-owned subsidiary of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., a bank affiliate of Wells Fargo & Company.

The information in this report was prepared by Global Investment Strategy (GIS). Opinions represent GIS' opinion as of the date of this report and are for general information purposes only and are not intended to predict or guarantee the future performance of any individual security, market sector or the markets generally. GIS does not undertake to advise you of any change in its opinions or the information contained in this report. Wells Fargo & Company affiliates may issue reports or have opinions that are inconsistent with, and reach different conclusions from, this report. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

The information contained herein constitutes general information and is not directed to, designed for, or individually tailored to, any particular investor or potential investor. This report is not intended to be a client-specific suitability or best interest analysis or recommendation, an offer to participate in any investment, or a recommendation to buy, hold or sell securities. Do not use this report as the sole basis for investment decisions. Do not select an asset class or investment product based on performance alone. Consider all relevant information, including your existing portfolio, investment objectives, risk tolerance, liquidity needs and investment time horizon. The material contained herein has been prepared from sources and data we believe to be reliable but we make no guarantee to its accuracy or completeness.

Wells Fargo Advisors is registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, but is not licensed or registered with any financial services regulatory authority outside of the U.S. Non-U.S. residents who maintain U.S.-based financial services account(s) with Wells Fargo Advisors may not be afforded certain protections conferred by legislation and regulations in their country of residence in respect of any investments, investment transactions or communications made with Wells Fargo Advisors.

Wells Fargo Advisors is a trade name used by Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC and Wells Fargo Advisors Financial Network, LLC, Members SIPC, separate registered broker-dealers and non-bank affiliates of Wells Fargo & Company.

Why asset allocation matters

Principles of asset allocation